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高容性光伏组件电流-电压特性检测研究
撰稿人：王健全1，仇雷飞1，林福苗1 （1. 中检集团南方测试股份有限公司，518055） 摘 要：随着高容性光伏组件市场化进程不断提速，解决容性效应引起的检测结果失真问题变得越来越重要。根据容性作用机理可知，高容性光伏组件的正反扫描I-V特性参数的差异可以反映容性所引起的误差。本文采用宽脉冲测试法和动态I-V测量法对HJT和Topcon等高容性光伏组件进行检测，研究扫描方式、电压扫描速率对于不同类型组件容性误差的影响，为高容性光伏组件I-V特性检测提供参考。 关键词：高容性光伏组件；电压扫描速率；线性扫描；阶梯式扫描 0 引 言 随着光伏平价上网政策实施，光伏行业技术迭代正在加速演绎，高效光伏组件已经成为行业降本增效的必由之路。众所周知，高效光伏组件往往伴随着较强的电容效应，其将影响性能测量的准确性，因此如何准确测量高效光伏组件的电流–电压特性成了行业迫切需要解决的问题。 高容性光伏组件的电容会随着正向电压的增加而增加，这导致其电流–电压特性在从短路电流Isc向开路电压Voc扫描（正向扫描）过程中会因电容充电，从而使测量的电流被低估。同理，从Voc向Isc扫描（反向扫描）过程中会因电容充电，从而也会使测量的电流被高估，且这种与电容相关的误差随着电压的扫描速率的增加而增加[1-2]。由此可以看出快速扫描所引起的电容充放电效应是导致高容性光伏组件I-V特性检测失真原因。 国内外研究机构就如何消除容性效应对高容性光伏组件I-V特性检测的影响进行了研究，并根据检测机理提出了多种解决该问题的关键方法。目前比较流行的方法主要有稳态测试法、分段测试法、宽脉冲测试法、最大功率点修正测试法和动态I-V测试法等[3-4]，其中宽脉冲测试法和动态I-V测试法因高效率和相对低成本等优点，而被广泛关注。
使用热激光分离技术将太阳电池切割成半电池或条电池
在过去的几年中，将太阳电池切成半片已成为光伏制造的主流策略。通过使用这些技术，模块级的额定功率和机械强度都得到了显着提高。这也是使最近转向更大的电池格式以及随之而来的模块额定功率跃升的关键发展之一。 由于许多这些较大的格式以及吸引制造商注意的其他技术是需要将电池切成三块或甚至更多块，因此在可预见的未来电池切割肯定会继续成为光伏制造的核心。 但这并非没有挑战或风险。传统的切割工艺是激光划线然后再机械裂片。这种激光划线方法需要大约晶圆厚度的30%-50% 的划线深度并导致太阳电池切割边缘的严重损坏以及微裂纹，两者都对电池的性能产生负面影响。 热激光分离 (TLS) 基础知识 TLS 是来自微电子工业的著名工艺。 多年来伴随着领先制造商的行业参考，该工艺在半电池切割方面已得到很好的应用。 TLS 工艺是一种用于脆性材料如硅、碳化硅和砷化镓的无损伤激光芯片切割技术。 它依赖于被定义和受控应力场的应用由基于激光的加热和随后的冷却进行工艺。 因此，裂纹被引导穿过整个电池并从而获得两个半电池。 由于 TLS 是一个劈裂工艺，因此需要初始划线 (I-scribe) 来为分离提供明确定义的起点。 然而，与需要后续机械断裂的传统划线相比，这种初始划线非常细微 (只有几微米深、宽和长)。随后基板被激光局部加热和被伴随的去离子水雾冷却，通过巧妙地叠加这两个区域产生了由拉伸和压缩应力组成的应力场在其中引入裂缝机制，与任何可能的晶界或优选的断裂方向无关。 与传统的分离技术相比，TLS 的优势在于其干净、无微裂纹的边缘。 分离边缘不会发生晶体损坏—迄今为止由于烧蚀区域中重新固化的硅的位移这种损坏很常见。 与激光切割相反，不会发生凸起和出现粉尘因为基板只是被加热而不是汽化。采用TLS™ 工艺的太阳电池的机械稳定性明显高于传统工艺的太阳电池，这个工艺不会留下任何残留物。
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